What we do at BIBP Who we are Workstation ergonomics Postural Correction Manual Therapy Soft Tissue Massage Dry needling Clinical Reasoning Muscle Energy Techniques Core stability/ Swiss ball programmes

Neck Problems Headaches Shoulder Problems Low Back Pain Chronic Low Back Pain Pelvic girdle pain & dysfunction Knee Problems Foot Problems Postural Problems Exercise & Muscle Mass Pregnancy Back Pain

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Clinical Mind Maps

• tennis elbow
• anterior hip pain
• hamstring injuries
• pelvic - neck dysfunction in a cyclist
• Upper Cervical Spine Structural Instability
• Nutritional considerations and cramping in triathlon
• Knee pelvis back dysfunction in a runner with overactive Transverse Abdominus
• arm pain from L5 IVD hernia (with reference to FBL and Susanne Klein Vogelbach)
• pins and needles, numbess in cyclists feet - including biomechanical & vascular compromise
• carpal tunnel syndrome from upper cervical spine dysfunction? - including biomechincal & vascular compromise
• Gastrocnemius tightness - including biomechanics (inverse dynamics, young's modulus, kinetic energy)

Explanations & References

• Terapia Manual y dolor (Castellano)
• Dolor y Inflammacion (PDF) (Castellano)
• Manual Therapie in der Behandlung von Schmerzen (Deutsch)
• Tratamento do dor e inflamacao com fisioterapia manipulativa (Portuguese)
• The importance of motor learning in the development of the concept of stability (English)
• Exercises in map reading for enhanced cognition (forward thinking - predictive reasoning) (English)
• Manual therapy in the treatment of pain and inflammation (English)
• Nutritional Supplementation in endurance sport
• Exercise and the Immune System (English)
• Exercise and Sarcopenia (English)
• Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes (English)
• Fibromyalgia (English)
• Pain (English)

Examples of Clinical Reasoning

• Beispiel von Klinisches Denken (Deutsch)
• Clinical Reasoning Exercise for low back and lower Limb
• Clinical example of treatment for functional instability and radicular LBP
• A floppy feeling stiff - accompanied by visceral dysfunction - CREST syndrome
• Cyclist riding fixed gear with an overactive right iliopsoas and left knee dysfunction
• Multifidus dysfunction - a role for examination of the immune response?
• Clinical Reasoning for prevention of cramps in a Triathlon
• Presentation at the Rome conference in October 2005
• Clinical Reasoning Exercise for Neck-Upper Limb
• Develpoment of the concepts of stability
• Shoulder instability and "tennis elbow"
• Apresentacao Clinica e Perguntas
  (RACIOCINIO CLINICO) (Portuguese)
• Treatment Failure (client explanation sheet)

 

Multimodal Treatment approach to enhance the scope of practice

Figure 3: A model of 'everything' : the neuromatrix is used as a model (cognitive process oriented structure) to describe the various input which the therapist can offer to 'enable' the client to engage in their path to recovery. Hereby, an evidence based approach using 'the values and beliefs' of the client is integrated with the scientific evidence base from physiotherapy, the pain sciences and psychology. Importantly, the therapist gains confidence through their success at predictive reasoning, whilst the client gains emotional confidence in their ability to undertake goal-oriented activities without the fear of exacerbation or under-performance. A definition of expertise should encompass the ability to perform accurate predictive reasoning.

Multiple Intelligence

"Gardner defines intelligence as the capacity to solve problems or to fashion products that are valued in one or more cultural settings. MI initially consisted of seven dimensions of intelligence (Visual / Spatial Intelligence, Musical Intelligence, Verbal/Linguistic Intelligence, Logical/Mathematical Intelligence, Interpersonal Intelligence, Intrapersonal Intelligence, and Bodily / Kinesthetic Intelligence). Since the publication of Frames of Mind, Gardner has additionally identified an 8th dimension of intelligence: Naturalist Intelligence, and is still considering a possible ninth: Existentialist Intelligence "- see Wikipedia

- http://www.back-in-business-physiotherapy.com/philosophy_in_physiotherapy.php

• the optimism bias. People are prone to exaggerating their strengths. People generally believe themselves to be smarter, more attractive and more talented than average. They commonly overestimate their future success. This can lead to "illusion of control" whereby they consistently exaggerate the amount of control they have over outcomes, even when those outcomes are determined by luck or other variables.
• the fundamental attribution error. Even when people are aware of the possible constraints on another persons behaviour and know a lot about the context in which the client is acting, they often don't take it into account when assessing the client's motives.
• risk aversion bias. An assumption is frequently made that people are "risk averse" but it turns out that we are predominantly "loss averse". The clinician may be prepared to run a risk in the slim hope of avoiding having to recognise a loss.

Due to the ease of being drawn into 'pattern recognition' and hence potential biasing, it is important for the clinician to maintain a structured cognitive retrieval process whereby recognition of desired and undesired outcomes leads to conformation or negation of the clinical reasoning hypothesis. Hopefully, when negation does occur, it occurs early in the reasoning process; otherwise the treatment management plan can spiral 'out of control' leading to the therapist taking greater and greater risks in the hope for a miracle. Hence, the clinician will need to be able to think back to first principles of anatomy, physiology, neurophysiology, pathology and biomechanics to be able to undertake the process of reasoning required to achieve the desired outcome. This formulation of outcome should in turn be a consequence of the dialogue within the therapist's brain (cognition & meta-cognition) as well as the dialogue between the client and the therapist.

Constructivism describes the process of learning and acquiring knowledge through experiential reasoning. The assumption underlying 'constructivism' is that we are 'life long learners' (3 l's) and that each and every clinical encounter allows a unique opportunity to learn, relearn and refine our techniques as well as reorganise and restructure our knowledge base. Furthermore, constructivist theory suggests that learning occurs which is based on each individuals unique prior experiences. Truth is considered relative to the individuals construct and hence diverges from logical positivism of science where 'truth' can exist alone without reference to the observers perceptions. This is similar to scientific philosophy of 'relative truths' or the 'relativity of knowledge' espoused by Feyerabend (1975), Kuhn (1970), Popper (1963). All of us would agree that science isn't just a collection of laws, or a catalogue of unrelated facts. Rather, it is a creation of the human mind relating to making sense of the world. Hence, in musculoskeletal physiotherapy we must endeavour to match the science with our clinical reasoning which should make sense to the individual or organisations with whom we are interacting.

Candy (1991, p 263) states that "the constructivist perspective differs significantly from the view of knowledge as deriving from a process of copying or replicating." Hence, "we know reality only by acting on it.....The active interaction between the individual and the environment is mediated by the cognitive structures of the individual......and what we learn from the environment is dependent upon our own structuring of those experiences." (Nystedt and Magnusson 1982, p34)

To the constructivist, knowledge is not a precise map of external reality but a schemata or cognitive structure which can be compared or tested to other peoples construction of the same situation through the use of workable hypothesis or templates (Candy 1991, p 265). Domain specific prior knowledge plays a significant role in the process of construction, problem solving and learning. Systematic procedures for problem solving can be learnt which if content and context specific can lead to advanced clinical reasoning where errors in heuristic procedures can be detected immediately through the continuous testing of the working hypothesis and it's evaluation of the relevance of clinical data to the specific problem at hand. Hereby, not only can reliance on 'heuristics' be monitored but new schemata can be construed from the clinical environment when a clinical presentation occurs with which the clinician is unfamiliar.

Heuristics versus Constructivism

Figure 4: A useful instructional model used to describe a 'top-down' clinical approach with a scientific clinical evidence based approach of biomechanics and neurophysiology. Importantly, the cognitive and meta-cognitive aspects of clinical reasoning are only as good as the diagnostic tools available to the therapist. Hence, excellent manual handling skills and refined but diverse treatment techniques (e.g. trigger point dry needling, soft tissue massage, fascial release, muscle energy, exercise prescription, taping, PAIVM's and PPIVM's) allow for a correlated and integrated approach to treatment. Refinement of reasoning techniques requires frequent repetition of experiential learning.

Clinical Reasoning can be a conduit for the deconstruction and reconstruction of information storage and retrieval systems. This systematic approach allows for the redefining of the situational relevance of perceived information into a 'meaningful clinical picture' whereby correlation of information can be used to confirm or negate a 'reasoning (working) hypothesis'.

Figure 5: Increasing the validity and reliability of the clinical reasoning by correlating all aspects of the subjective and physical examination into a meaningful clinical picture (pattern recognition) - adapted from Maitland (1986, 1991). Click on above image for further explanations regarding the development of the Maitland concept.

An example of the sequence of physical exmination for a problem in the back-pelvis-hip region. To provide validity of this management approach, the results of the physical examination and treatment must be correlated with the findings in the subjective examination.

Vascular System

Important vascular issues include those of the vertebral artery in the cervical spine. A commonly held belief is that these incidence (-catastrophic or otherwise) are rare with a prevelance of 1 : 100 000. However, the true number may be much greater, as many catastrophic incidents are under - reported due to medico-legal reasons. In my clinical experience, by 2008 I had seen approximately 12 clients with VBI and a further 8 who had petit mal seizures or vaso-vagal syncope with mobilisations to the first rib. The majority of the clients with the 'classic' symptoms of VBI had either a prior incidence from manipulation of the C/S or had a major accident involving the neck - car accidents prior to seat belts, and horse riding incidents were frequently reported. Even a train crash was reported. By 2008 I estimated that I had seen approximately 60 000 clients. Hence, my 20 : 60 000 ratio suggest a 1 in 3000 chance of coming across a client with VBI.

A form of pins & needles in the feet during cycling may be due to claudication. Such claudication may be the result of damage to vessels of the abdominal aortic. Additionally the branches of the abdominal aorta descending into the leg as well as the leg vasculature may be damaged by trauma and/or systemic complications (e.g. Marfan's syndrome, vascular diseases, etc). These problems may be a medical emergency whereby immediate consultation with a vascular surgeon is imperative.

Virchow's Triad in the aetiology of thrombosis may also be of assistence with differential diagnosis. The 3 variables include

• Changes in vessel wall (endothelial damage)
• Changes in blood flow (flow volume/stasis)
• Changes in blood constituents (state of coagulability)

The latter may include screening questions for blood disordes (thrombolytic ones, C-reactive protein , Leiden Factor V, as well as Thalasaemia and Sickle Cell Anaemia), systemic inflammatory conditions (such as Lupus and Scleroderma), the use of oral contraceptives, smoking, diet and frequent flying.

Taylor & Kerry (2005) quote a paper from Sise et al (1989) reporting an average 2 year delay in diagnosis in young people where 93% could have been diagnosed with simple palpation of peripheral pulses.

from Gray's Antaomy

Vascular complications are potentailly overlooked causes of symptoms. This in part may be due to their relative infrequency compared with other conditions seen by physiotherapists. Futhermore, the symptoms of vascular compromise may mimic those of symptoms arising from musculoskeletal structures. Compromise of a blood vessel to the spinal nerve results in radicular pain. A colleague reported the incidental finding of a family friend's teenage boy whose mother was about to take him to the chiropractor for low back pain. What he noted was the boy had 3 socks on his left foot!!! Immediate examination of the lack of pedal pulses and referal to the A+E department confirmed a diagnosis of spinal artery thrombosis. Unfortunately, most peoples friends aren't astute clinicians that recognise "something which doesn't make sense". Arterial kinking of the external iliac artery during hip flexion whilst cycling (and rowing, skatting and Fjell running) have been known to produce pain affecting the buttock, anterolateral thigh, calf and foot with feelings of paraesthesia and numbness in the toes. Cyclists may also describe the feeling of 'fullness' in the leg and lack of power, cramping and/or ischeamic like fatigue. Although anterior/posterior and lateral compartment syndromes are commonly associated with vascular complications in running, similar type (not necessarily area) of symptoms associated with iliac artery, femoral artery and popliteal artery can be missed during the clinical reasoning process. Generally, symptoms are associated with exertion and external compromise of the blood vessel. Apart from the iliac artery already mentioned other examples include the femoral artery in the adductor canal (b/n the adductor magnus and vastus medialis), and the politeal artery interfacing with the medial head of gastrocnemius. Generally, these conditions are associated with anatomical anomalies whereby the external pressure from repetitive movement gradually damages the external lining of the blood vessel. Besides repetitive microtrauma, any external trauma from an accident needs to consider possible vascular damage or the formation of scar tissue and adhesions which could lead to vascular damage. Other clinical examples, include aortic aneurysm which may be due to valsava type maneuvers. Familial history may also be important in differential diagnosis. Additionally, a history of heavy smoking can lead to internal blood vessel pathology. Similarly, women who take the pill may also be at risk. Aortic stenosis may manifest as a result of arterosclerosis or due to underlying congenital defects. These are screening questions which need to be asked during the subjective examination. During the physical examination, the femoral and pedal pulses should be examined at rest but usually need to be assessed immediately after exercise or in the compromising posture where symptoms normally manifest. Further testing should include ankle blood pressure monitoring of each side. Taylor & Kerry (2005) recommend 20 minutes of rest before testing systolic blood pressure in the left and right brachial artery, posterior tibial and dorsalis pedis and then using the "Ankle to brachial pressure index = Ankle systolic BP / Brachial systolic BP". 1 - 1.2 considered normal, 0.75 - 0.9 indicates moderate disease, 0.5 - 0.75 severe disease and <0.5 is limb threatening. (see: Taylor AJ, Kerry R (2005) Vascular syndromes presenting as pain of spinal origin. Ch 36 in Grieve's Modern Manual Therapy: The Vertebral Column. Ed Boyling JD & Jull GA Elsevier Churchill Livingstone).

The Upper Limb and vascular compromise

from Grays Anatomy

The posture of the cyclist (and rower) may also make these athletes particularly prone to upper limb and head/neck vascular conditions. Additionally, one of the most common cycling injuries involves landing on the shoulder or outstretched hand resulting in possible neurovascular traction injury, direct trauma and/or clavicular fracture. The latter has been associated with trapezius muscle dysfunction which can be a precipitating variable leading to Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS). Symptoms of TOS can include typical symptoms of neck, shoulder, elbow and hand pain. Occasionally, people describe a sense of swelling (or fullness) in the arm, with/without concommitant pins & needles or numbess. Vascular components of TOS may be less prevelant than neurological ones. Yet this may be due to mis-diagnosis as the plethora of tests (Adson's, Allen's Halstead's manoeuver, Roos's EAST test) may be falsely positive or negative and variable b/n examiners. Hence, the examination must use the multitude of variables at the clinicians disposal, both Subjective symptoms & Physical signs - inductive and deductive reasoning, to make sense of the clincal picture. When in doubt and further investigations are required, by using the weight of probability from many variables, it may also make the argument for further testing more convincing to a medical colleague.

Paget - Schroetter syndrome is a deep venous thrombosis of the subclavian - axillary venous system, also known as "effort thrombosis" (Rutherford 1998, Zell et al 2001) and may account for about 3-7% of all DVT's (Taylor & Kerry 2005). The average patient is in their late 20's to early 30's and males present 3 times more commonly than females. Most commonly complain of quick insidious arm pain (70% in dominant arm), with possible supraclavicular fossa and ipsilateral neck pain. Most commonly occurs in activity with repetitve upper arm, over shoulder height, movements. The usual aetiology is Virchow's Triad which means that specific screening questioning is required. Additionally, other risk factors may include thoracic outlet factors such as cervical rib, anomalous first rib, hypertrophy of the anterior scalene, subclavius or pectoralis minor as well as endogenous factors such as activated protein C resistance and anticardiolipin antibodies (Ellis 2000 in Taylor & Kerry 2005).

Taylor & Kerry suggest that observable signs of vascular compromise may include skin pallor or cyanosis - both resting and positional, swelling, and/or superficial venous dilation. Corneal arcus or xanthelasmas (yellowish raises skin changes) around both eyes may be associated with hyperlipidaemia and hypercholesterolaemia. Staining of fingers may be a more accurate indicator of tobacco consumption. Obesity and state of mental awareness may also reflect underlying cerebrovascular state.

Hand and digital examination should also include nail squeezing - indicative of capillary refilling time. These should be perfomed in various positions of potential vascular compromise. Nail abnormalities may be present. Pulses should be tested, stethescope auscultation should be undertaken and the pressure cuff sphygmomanometer and hand held doppler or automatic blood pressure monitor used (Taylor & Kerry 2005).

Taylor & Kerry (2005) argue quite strongly that vascular examination is such a miniscule part of both under-graduate and post-graduate degrees that we may be implicated in delayed diagnosis and initiating innapropriate treatment.

Differential Diagnosis involving side effects from medication

Drug Side Effects on the Musculoskeletal System

- acne treatment with Accutane :

A medical officer sent me the following details

"Roaccutane can cause myalgia and arthralgia,
and they found this on DermNetNZ:

Muscle aches (myalgia) especially after exercise. Low
backache is not uncommon. Joint aches (arthralgia)
especially after exercise can sometimes be
debilitating. These symptoms respond to nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen.

In MIMs (Australian Drug Directory):

Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders.
Myalgia, arthralgia and increased serum creatine
phosphokinase may occur and may be associated with
reduced tolerance to vigorous exercise (see Adverse
Reactions).

In clinical trials of disorders of keratinisation with
a mean dose of 2.24 mg/kg/day, a high prevalence of
skeletal hyperostosis was noted. Bone changes
including premature epiphyseal closure and
calcifications of tendons and ligaments have occurred
after administration of high doses for long periods
for treating disorders of keratinisation. The dose
levels, duration of treatment and total cumulative
dose in these patients generally far exceeded those
recommended for the treatment of acne.

Minimal skeletal hyperostosis has also been observed
by X-rays in prospective studies of nodular acne
patients treated with a single course of therapy at
recommended doses.

Due to the possible occurrence of these bone changes,
a careful evaluation of the risk/benefit ratio should
be carried out in every patient and Roaccutane
administration should be restricted to severe cases."

http://accutane.poweradvocates.com/bone.html

http://www.accutanelawyernetwork.com/bone_muscle.html

- anti psychotic drugs for bi-polar disorder : http://bipolar.about.com/cs/sfx/a/sfx_thorazine.htm

- cholesterol treatment with statins : http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=16431

- anti depressant drugs and loss of bone density : http://www.nih.gov/news/research_matters/july2007/07022007depression.htm

This list is not exhaustive. Importantly it highlights the therapists need to be aware of the clients medication use and their possible side-effects.

• NSAID's

Macrophages are necessary for skeletal muscle regeneration. Pro-inflammatory macrophages stimulate myoblast proliferation, whereas anti-inflammatory macrophages stimulate their differentiation. Macrophages that invade skeletal muscle soon after injury present a specific phenotype, characterized by high expression of TNF-alpha, interleukin-1beta and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI). Non-phlogistic phagocytosis of the apoptotic and necrotic debris switches the phenotype of pro-inflammatory macrophages into anti-inflammatory macrophages. Consequently, there is a high expression of Transforming Growth Factor- Beta (TGF-beta), interleukin - 10 (IL-10), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor - gamma (PPAR-gamma) which have been shown to be associated with the resolution of inflammation and tissue repair (Chazaud et al 2009). This may explain the inclonclusive effects of NSAID's for the treatment of DOMS. In fact it highlights the potential inhibitory effects of NSAID's on muscle proliferation when exercise training.

Disability

It is important to appreciate that there isn't a linear relationship between impairment and disability. Disability contains quality of life perspectives which has pyschological and social constructs as well as the more visible physically measurable impairments. Health Quality of Life (HQoL) gives the physiotherapist with another avenue to pursue evidence-based practice (EBP) which include the third pillar of EBP, patient values. (see O'Connor R 2000 Measuring Quality of Life in Health. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston. ISBN: 0443073198)

Psychometric evaluation

When traumatic events involving anxiety and/or pain occur, they can be stored in memory using a process which does not distinguish a timeline of activation or extinguishment of the experience. Hereby, previous traumatic experiences can be conceived as a present traumatic experiences causing further fear and anxiety. Ramachandran has suggested that it can be the preoccupation with the trauma that is disabling. Hence, the concept of allostasis has been included in the neuromatrix described previously in figure 3. Psychometric evaluation is now considered mandatory in NSW when treating work accident related cases.

http://www.sf-36.org/tools/SF36.shtml

The Oerebro scale is another useful psychometric questionaire which is recommended by Work Cover NSW

Other areas of assessment may include
- visual fields and visual dominance
- spatio-temporal abilities such as juggling
- sport specific physical and psychological aspects 
This latter aspect of assessment may include a 'top 10' attributes list compiled by the client/athlete of both physical and mental performance in an ideal world. Then the therapist can ask the athlete to rate their present sport specific perceived abilities. Additionally, their coach may also be presented the same list and ask them to rate the athletes abilities. This is obviously undertaken without the coach seeing what the athlete thought of themselves. Hence discrepancies can be assessed, measured and addressed. Psychological aspects can be addressed by a Sports Psychologist whereas the physical aspects can be addressed in tandem with the Psychologist, Physiotherapist and Trainer.

Treatment as a product of a systematic assessment

Although an at 'out of fashion' terminology, the aggravating/easing factors are a disability measure which can be used to assess the neurophysiological and biomechanical state of the pathology. By analyzing the movement and loading characteristics of the aggravating and easing factors the therapist should gain a measurable outcome tool for assessing the efficacy of treatment. Additionally, the information can be used to correlate it with impairment measures of the physical examination. Improving the internal reliability by correlating information across the entire examination process enhances the validity of your treatment and re-examination process. Ideally, the therapist should have at least 3 aggravating/easing factors to assess outcome. Otherwise, a more in depth analysis of the aggravating/easing factors should be undertaken using inductive reasoning. For example, if the client only complains of shoulder pain when lifting a load above their head, then clarify this statement by asking whether it is the movement which is painful, the duration of lifting, the manner of lifting or the size of the load which is being lifted that is significant. Night pain, the frequency of waking and the ability to return to sleep are also useful measurement tools. Psychometric disability measures can also be used if they don't result in resentment or irritation from your client. 

Further aspects of the subjective examination can be used to assess the past history as it relates to the current problem. Is it the same problem re-aggravated or is it a new problem which is influenced by the old injury? Assess the biomechanical aspects of the original mechanisms of injury as well as those of re-exacerbation, as well as the frequency of exacerbation and make a judgement as to whether the problem is getting worse, better or staying the same. If it is getting worse, then why? Are there components of misuse (reduced co-ordination/stability), disuse (atrophy and reduced capacity of loading), abuse (trauma), or overuse (repetitive loading and microtrauma) which are contributing to the 'cause of the cause' of the problem. A long history of problems may identify fear-avoidance behaviour and generalised 'disuse' and/or of more specific 'disuse' of the multifidus and transverse abdominis muscles. Combine this with 'overuse' of the erector spinae muscles leading to excessive compression of the intervertebral disc and consequent neural irritation of the dorsal root ganglia resulting in ectopic impulse generation and increased muscle tone in the deep hip rotators, hip flexors, hamstring and calf muscles which creates 'misuse' of the lower limbs ('the tail that wags the dog phenomena') generating shearing and rotating forces across the pelvis.

There are TWO areas of the clients history that are able to give you an accurate prediction of injury

1. Past Injuries – regardless of how long ago the injury happened

2. Current exercise training volume – obviously the higher the training volume the higher the risk of developing overuse and biomechanical injuries.

A good history should include:

a) Past Injuries – especially those that resulted in surgery, joint disturbances and scar tissue

b) General Health – a rundown client does not recover as well and is more prone to overuse injuries

c) Colds and Flu – limited recovery is available when the client is recovering from general and common medical disorders

d) Sporting Background – some athletic populations have common injury areas e.g. tennis players elbows, swimmers shoulders, gymnasts have excessive flexibility and stability issues in their backs and shoulders, and wicketkeepers knees.

e) Exercise History – clients often mention that they exercised in the past but had to stop due to injury – this information is vital as combined with a physical assessment you can identify the causative factors and re-structure their exercise program to avoid the same mistakes again.

f) Current Exercise Problems – is there any current exercise or activity that causes pain during or after the session.

g) Employment History – certain lines of work also have increased risks of injury for certain body parts. Office workers can have muscle range limitations, truck drivers can have back issues due to excessive vibration and carpet layers commonly have knee and back issues.

Old injuries may not only reduce the biomechanical integrity of the tissue but it may also increase the neurophysiological sensitivity of the neurones whose nerve fibres innervate the territory of injury. Ascertaining the recuperation from previous injury will provide an insight into the clients 'active' and/or 'passive' coping strategies. People who have had frequent passive treatment inputs and have recovered may find it difficult to embrace a more active treatment approach. Those who haven't recovered may be in a state of 'learned helplessness' who will similarly require convincing to embark on a more active form of recuperation. Importantly, the active treatment approach must embrace the impairment and disability measures of the subjective and physical examinations, thereby allowing the client to measure success leading to the ultimate goal of full self management and/or complete recovery. Therefore, this process requires an element of education whereby the therapist's 'hands-on' treatment becomes 'exercise enabling' and/or 'performance enhancing' for the client.

Figure 6 : The application of treatment will vary with the stage, stability, severity and irritability of the condition. The stage describes whether the condition is getting better, worse or staying the same. The stability is considered both mechanically and neurophysiologically. The severity is the impact the injury has on the person's activities of daily living. The irritability defines how easily the symptoms worsen and relates to how quickly they get better. These factors will influence the goals of the client which should direct the aims and objectives of the therapist. In line with Maslow's formulation of individuals 'needs' the process of clinical reasoning and perfection of treatment skills should lead to expertise in the clinical domain and subsequently to a state of "self actualisation" As the physiotherapist's success and treatment scope improve, self actualisation can be attained through their reflective skills, which enables the therapist to recognise 'gaps' in their integrated knowledge base. Such realisation should result in actively seeking the knowledge and/or competency skills required to reduce the size and number of 'gaps'. However, this expertise can only be gained through the 3L's.

Maslow (1971, p43) defined the attributes of "self actualizers" to include

Figure 7 : Defining the aspects of the examination heightens the therapists cognitive abilities and hence clinical agility. Reflective skills as treatment is instigated and outcomes are measured enhances the therapist's meta-cognitive skills (thinking about their thinking)

Figure 8 : Examining the 'cause of the cause' will get to the root of the problem. By deconstructing the problem clear and precise explanations can be given whereby the aims and objects of treatment commiserate the exercise goals

The stage, stability, irritability, and severity will determine treatment options as well as the dose of treatment - here an example for a lumbar radiculopathy is given

Cause & Affect

Treatment is usually directed at the primary problem for which the client has presented. As the primary problem resolves the cause and affect of the injury must be taken into consideration if an holistic approach is to be considered. Low back pain would address issues of thoracic spine stiffness in rotation, lateral bending and inferior lateral chest expansion as these areas influence the lateral movement of the diaphragm during breathing. In turn this affects the use of the oblique stomach muscles, the transverse abdominus and psoas major. Furthermore, the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system attach to the anterior aspect of the posterior ribs and their function is influenced by rib movement, which can potentially affect the control of muscle spasms and blood flow to the spine and lower limbs. Finally, deep slow lateral breathing reduces the risk of respiratory alkalosis and hence metabolic acidosis which can affect soft tissue integrity. Looking below the lumbar spine, addressing the pelvis and hips using joint mobilizations, soft tissue massage and muscle energy techniques would affect lumbo-pelvic rhythm. Muscle spasms can be addressed by reducing inflammation and/or relieving mechanical pressure on nerve fibres thereby decreasing ectopic impulse generation. Additionally, dry needling and soft tissue massage of the muscle fibres may also be employed. Exercise regimes to complement the specific impairment outcome measures should be integrated into functional exercises which resemble activities of daily living. Naturally, the clients motivational & emotional state needs to be monitored if a collaborative approach to recovery is to be obtained.

Treatment Failure

Reasons for failure of resolution are numerous. However, generally they can be classified as simple or complex. Simple problems are localized dysfunction which wasn't managed correctly in the acute phase resulting in disuse impairment and de-conditioning. Such de-conditioning can take on multiple dimensions. Where a simple ankle sprain leads to atrophy of the leg muscles, reduced cardiovascular fitness, increased weight, neurological-immune-cognitive impairment and even metabolic syndrome. Complex problems arise where multiple structures in various locations have been injured in scenarios of major trauma such as car accidents, skydiving, gun shot wounds, etc. Again, the secondary issues of trauma involving whole body function are the consequence of prolonged recovery. In both cases active involvement by the client in the rehabilitation process are paramount. Moreover, the role of the physiotherapist is to reduce impairment and introduce exercise appropriate for the time line of recovery.

Sporting expertise is gained through repetition of movement and avoidance of (and appropriate recovery from) injury. Frequently, being painfree was considerd to be synonymous with recovery. However, researchers at Queensland University clearly demonstrated that recurrences in injury can be the result of continued abnormal motor function.

In some cases neuro-cognitive issues, arising from 'fear-avoidance' behaviour, occur. This is frequently due to altered sensory information processing. In such cases the client is given the appropriate amount of information to load the body to make it stronger. It is paramount to understand that the intensity and duration of pain is usually not commiserate with 'tissue damage'. In fact 'the pain' now has become the pathology.

The Immune System

The immune system, muscle mass and exercise tolerance can have a profound influence on the clients adaptability to stress, exercise and inflammation. The therapist will need to consider the general health of the client, and in particular their lean muscle mass, when assessing and treating the clients problem. The clients lean muscle mass not only determines biomechanical power, the ability to use insulin, resorb lactic acid to pyruvate by the liver and function as the metabolic end product of the electron transfer chain (ETC) in the mitochondria for endurance outputs, it also directly influences the ability to mobilise immune proteins for an inflammatory defense reaction.

The immune system respond in specific ways to exercise prescription. - link to Rome Presentation

The specificity of goal oriented exercise prescription, can be used for positive immune adaptive responses. - link to nutritional supplementation

Goal oriented exercise prescription and health management regimes can be used to aid the client with their predictive reasoning and hence their adaptive allostatic physiological and behavioural responses. - link to neuro-immune response

Cuba, 1995

Explanations and References

Terapia Manual y dolor (Castellano)

Dolor y Inflammacion (Castellano) PDF

Manual Therapie in der Behandlung von Schmerzen (Deutsch)

Tratamento do dor e inflamacao com fisioterapia manipulativa (Portuguese)

The importance of motor learning in the development of the concept of stability (English)

Exercises in map reading for enhanced cognition (forward thinking - predictive reasoning) (English)

Manual therapy in the treatment of pain and inflammation (English)

Nutritional Supplementation in endurance sport

Exercise and the Immune System (English)

Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes (English)

Exercise and Sarcopenia (English)

Fibromyalgia (English)

Examples of the assessment process for clinical reasoning

Beispiel von Klinisches Denken (Deutsch)

Clinical Reasoning Exercise for low back and lower Limb

Clinical example of treatment for functional instability and radicular LBP

A floppy feeling stiff - accompanied by visceral dysfunction - CREST syndrome

Cyclist riding fixed gear with an overactive right iliopsoas and left knee dysfunction

Multifidus dysfunction - a role for examination of the immune response?

Clinical Reasoning for prevention of cramps in a Triathlon

Presentation at the Rome conference in October 2005

Clinical Reasoning Exercise for Neck-Upper Limb

Develpoment of the concepts of stability

Shoulder instability and "tennis elbow"

Apresentacao Clinica e Perguntas
(RACIOCINIO CLINICO) (Portuguese)

LBP Treatment Progress

Integration of biology, healing and principles of exercise.

Clinically applied Functional Testing - moving away from purely impairment measured clinical outcomes

Who, What and Where of Motor Performance

Example of forward thinking (predictive reasoning) expertise

Forward thinking (predictive reasoning) as it pertains to the gaining of expertise in orienteering, motor learning, avoidance of injury and pain management

Conclusions

Sometimes it is hard to know what you don't know. It's important not to be constrained by dogma. In each case recognize what you know and compare this with what you don't know. Hereby, a risk analysis can be undertaken to establish the wisdom of your treatment. "A wise person knows their limitations". As each day brings a new dawn, plugging the gaps in your knowledge through life long learning (the 3 L's) can be a most satisfying experience. If you study hard and gain clinical insights from as many respected fields of clinical science as you possible can, you will be able to enhance the scope of your practice and thereby prevent burn-out by recognizing and enjoying the greater challenges of holistic musculoskeletal care. This will not only be to the satisfaction of your clients but also to the greater good of your community. However, the path is a long one, where clinical expertise requires at least 10 years of dedicated learning. I've been a physiotherapist for over 20 years and yet every day brings with it a potentially new learning experience.

Examples of courses presented

Australian approach to physiotherapy

Aims & Objectives

Brasil e Portugal 

Timetable - Brasil

or

Sul America

Publications:

• Neurophysiological Effects of Traction, Rigaku Ryohogaku (2000), 27,4, 128 (Japan)
• Lumbar Spine Traction: Evaluation of effects and recommended application for treatment (2000), Manual Therapy, 5, 2, 72-81
• Neurophysiological effects of Manual Therapy (1996), Kinesiologia, (Chile)
• Neurophysiological considerations of SLR and ULTT (1998), Kinesiologia (Chile)  

Chaos theory and the Butterfly effect from conflicting descending modulating and peripheral input into the neurones of the spinal cord with inappropriate assessment and treatment

Contact : Martin Krause mmkrause@bigpond.net.au

I can organise physiotherapy courses that can be held in your country describing the management of musculoskeletal pain with Manipulative Physiotherapy.

See also http://www.nismat.org/ptcor/ for 'top - down' diagnostic musculoskeletal pattern recognition, as well as information on surgical procedures

We comply with the HONcode standard for health trust worthy information: verify here.

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Last update : 29 November 2009